
晴天家族已經戒掉牛奶乳製品有一段時間了,不過孖寶很愛吃乳酪冰條,媽媽買了很方便的雪條模回來自製健康的冰條!正!

心不在焉的小孩I ~ 5個影響孩子專心度的內在原因
開學一陣子了,看著小小新鮮人可以開心地去幼兒園上學,父母對孩子「入學適應」的掛慮,終於可以稍稍卸下;不過,當與學校老師初步溝通後,發現孩子常將「隨性」的態度從家中帶到幼稚園去,而出現了因分心而無法完成活動,或三不五時忘了老師交代的事情。此時,父母又開始產生另一個焦慮了:「我的孩子是不是專心度不夠?」家長對孩子專心與否的關注心情,是可以理解的。由於就認知發展來看,孩子的專注力間接表示孩子的學習能力強度,也會影響學習成果,因此「專注能力」是具有某種指標意義。所謂治病必先求病因,因此,與其焦急盲目地尋找各種提昇注意力的方法,還不如先去了解影響專心度的原因,如此必能收事半功倍之效!
孩子為什麼不專心?
----影響孩子專心度的內在與外在因素
經過兒童專家與幼教老師多年的觀察經驗,共提出十一個較可能影響幼童專心度的原因。這十一種原因又可依照屬性,歸納為 「內在因素」與「外在因素」兩大類。 然而在檢視原因之前,專家特別提醒父母必須先有基本的認知:在同一個教室裡,班上孩子專注程度的差異性是必然的。而小朋友對老師講話的注意與吸收程度不同,原因往往是多方面的。以下將針對影響專心度的「內在因素」作說明:「內在因素」在此處意指影響專心度的因子多來自孩子本身的先天性,共包含五種:年紀大小、個人興趣喜好、氣質差異、生理因素與內在的情緒狀況。
1. 年紀大小---限制孩子專心度
您的孩子真的不夠專心嗎?還是大人對於孩子專注力的期望過高?儘管從兒童發展理論來看,一般健康的孩子,注意力集中的時間會隨著年齡的增加而延長,但根據心理學上的研究:一般兩歲的孩子,能夠專心的時間只有7分鐘,三歲的孩子是9分鐘,四歲是12分鐘,五歲則僅有14分鐘。(這些數字只是一個平均值,提供父母作為判斷孩子專心時間是否合乎發展階段的參考。) 因此大人應避免以自己的角度與期望來判斷孩子的專心程度。如果不了解兒童的專心度基模(年齡與專心度平均值),而勉強四歲的孩子專心於同一活動30分鐘,那是父母的要求太過分,可不是孩子的專心度有問題呢!
2. 興趣喜好---左右孩子專心度
在評量孩子的專心度時,也必須同時考量孩子的興趣。通常孩子對他感興趣、喜歡的事情,專心的時間可能會超過上述的平均值,否則就可能低於平均數。這或許可以解釋很多家長共同的感嘆;叫孩子練習寫123,孩子就是坐不住,常找一些理由,如上廁所、喝水,藉故起來走動;可是,一旦坐在電視機前看卡通影片,又像被強力膠黏住了,叫都叫不動。大人們千萬不要期望幼童會對所有活動照單全收,並且100% 的專心參與,因為選擇性的專心也是孩子「興趣」的一種自然反映。
3. 氣質差異---影響孩子專心度:
有些孩子先天氣質上就是屬於注意力分散度高、活動量大、一有風吹草動就很容易被吸引的。這類孩子,在團體活動時間,經常坐不住而扭動身體、左顧右盼,或是碰觸其他的孩子。天生容易分心的孩子,通常需要老師特別關照,比如說,宣布事情後,要他覆述一遍,確定他是否聽到了。這樣的孩子只有靠慢慢地教,一味責備是沒有用的,如果父母在這方面的氣質正好跟小孩不能配合,當「急驚風遇上慢郎中」,就會造成緊張的親子關係。建議父母要先瞭解自己與孩子的先天氣質,並提供幼童老師參考,「適性而教」,才能避免衝突的發生。
4.生理因素---減低孩子專心度:
有些孩子不是不想專心,而可能是神經系統還未發展成熟,或是感覺統合出了問題;甚或是身體不適,以致不能專心。就像電腦在處理資料,人體通常透過眼睛、耳朵等感官,接收資料(刺激),再透過神經系統,將資料傳遞到大腦,經過大腦統整後,才能輸出(反應)。如果孩子的不專心是神經成熟度的問題,如:大小肌肉無法靈活運用、手眼無法協調等,造成孩子學習上的困難,藉助感覺統合的活動,可能可以改善;但如果是耳朵、眼睛、腦部、神經等病變,如:聽障、腦傷等影響了孩子對外界刺激的接收與處理,就不是提昇感覺統合功能可以解決的。另外,孩子生病或太過疲累,也會造成不專心。
5. 情緒起伏---干擾孩子專心度
有位心理學家曾提出:每個人的身體身體都有個「情緒水庫」的說法。當用來盛裝生活中負面情緒的水庫超過安全水位時,就會開始做調節性的洩洪,出現緊張、發脾氣等行為。而為了應付緊張、焦慮等行為,情緒水庫水位越高的人,花在與外界互動的精力自然就減少,也就比較不易專心。由於每個孩子成長的過程中,需要不斷地學習適應外界的規範,忍受學習上的挫折,面對不喜歡而不得不去做的事,因此,小朋友的情緒水庫是不斷地在進水,需要適當地紓解。即使是大人也無法在憤怒或焦慮的情緒中專心學習,何況是年齡尚淺的幼兒呢? 專家建議若想讓孩子回復專心學習的情緒,「遊戲」是相當不錯的情緒紓解方式,所以就不要擔心孩子「玩野了」,因為玩遊戲是幼兒「調節性洩洪」的一種方式,一但情緒獲得了紓解,孩子也就較能專心於事物學習之上了。
了解孩子的先天專心指數!
孩子是一個不斷在成長的獨立個體,影響孩子專心度的內在原因是相當多樣,也會隨著與週遭環境的互動而產生變化。父母親若能先了解孩子先天上的限制與優勢,從孩子年紀與專心度平均值、個人興趣、氣質差異、情緒好壞以及生理疾病的因素作考量,在評估孩子的學習專心度時,就能「對症下藥」尋找到較適當的改善方法,也能避免因不了解原因,而對分心的孩子報以氣急敗壞的責罵或因此太過於失望與擔心。此外,容易分心的孩子,特別需要大人的陪伴與關注,除了需要以耐心相待,當孩子有進步時,更別忘了讚美、鼓勵,以建立他的自信心喔!
晚晚跟小BIE練琴,晚晚遊雲!
一路彈一唔講:
"我彈完可唔可以食個桃呀?一陣可唔可以玩xxx呀?"
bie:ok。。。可試下啦。
bie:不過我有時會諗架!我。。。。(一堆原因)
mom:唔好諗,同個腦講,我要彈琴!試下得唔得?!
bie:呀!我果日在rain forest 食咗朵花呀!
mom:(火都來埋)我同緊你講嘢,叫你同個腦講要做完一件事先一件事呀!留心聽媽媽講得唔得?.。。。.望住我得唔得?。。。
bie:唔得呀!我個腦仔全部去緊rain forest d pictures走晒出來呀!我真係專心唔到呀!
我深信,小Bie真的不是有心的,作為媽媽,女兒懂得如此描述自己的感受已經很棒了!
小Bie的確為了早兩天跟學校去Rain Forest field trip 的事非常深刻,直至十天後仍然晚晚拿著相機說要跟媽媽分享。
當中吃了一朵花,而且花很苦的經驗更是不停地跟我們分享的呢!
生活上可能有很多事情觸動小BIE高敏兒的心情、情緒受到干擾、又或者過份開心、興奮,媽媽應該再多點體諒妳,以後再多鼓勵妳就是了!

簡介職能治療中所運用的感覺統合治療理論和其原理。
1.何謂感覺統合治療?
何謂感覺統合治療?感覺統合理論是以神經醫學、神經心理學、神經生理學為基礎,發展出此一理論。此理論認為唯有基層的訊息傳遞良好,全面發展的大腦其高階層的功能才能加以發揮,而觸覺、本體覺、前庭覺為個體發展早期的最基礎的三個感覺系統,若發生障礙,則會影響未來更高階層的皮質功能。
身體處理來自外界各種的感覺訊息的主要神經構造為腦幹、下視丘等,在此處 感覺訊息被適當的加以統合,促使更高層的皮質功能發揮,使個體可以處於良好的狀態進行學習。
一般感覺統合治療適用的病患,通常是有感覺統合障礙的病人,感覺統合障礙所表現出來的行為缺失包括:姿勢控制不良、身體印象差、動作不協調、語言遲緩、視知覺動作障礙、動作計劃能力差、不專心、無法自我控制、缺乏自信、抽象思考能力或是慣用手未加以建立等。
主要的治療方式便是提供合宜的本體覺、觸覺、前庭覺的刺激活動,使病患能主動的與環境互動,進而產生適應性反應(adaptive response)。
2.何謂感覺調節問題?
感覺調節問題是指中樞性神經系統對於本身活動的規律、調節性,對感覺系統而言,感覺調節是指對於正在輸入的感覺刺激,適當的加以分級、定義,產生相關的反應,而不會對其反應過低或過度。對感覺的反應或一個人的警醒程度與定向感是平行的在一連續線的兩方,由低反應到高反應,由昏睡到清醒到過度警醒。
功能表現傾向於低反應的個體,被形容成是感覺註冊的功能不佳,因此可能會無法注意到一些會引起一般大眾注意的感覺刺激,而若是感覺調節的反應性過高,個體便會有感覺防禦的現象。因此對於一般很普通的感覺刺激,感到相當有壓力 ,覺得被衝擊到,十分的不舒服。
感覺註冊問題和感覺調節的問題(如觸覺防禦)在本質上不同,但在感覺註冊的概念被提出後,許多在感覺統合此一領域的專家們則主張感覺註冊和觸覺防禦是有關聯的,而且都是由於腦部邊緣系統來加以調節。
3.何謂重力不安全感?
重力不安全感是前庭覺過度反應所表現的一種行為,特別是內耳器官對在空間中的線性運動(如重力吸引造成的直線加速)所產生的感覺,兒童若是有這方面的問題,便會對受重力影響的一些須做動作的活動,感到相當不安全。因此在一般的活動中有極度害怕的現象,會有重力不安全感的兒童對於頭部位置和動作的改變感到相當的害怕,特別是在空間中向後和向上的移動,兒童會害怕高度,即使是離地面只有一點點的距離,對於重力不安全感的兒童更是一項相當難的挑戰。
有重力不安全感的兒童通常會表現出極度的害怕、焦慮或是甚至拒絕爬上樓梯 電梯,以及任何要爬到高處的遊樂設施,或任何無法事先預測的物體表面。有些兒童甚至會對只有一點點的高度改變,像是走在草皮的邊緣處,或是跨過一個積木,都感到非常的害怕不已。
4.何謂姿勢不安全感?
姿勢不安全感和重力不安全感的情況類似。針對兒童會因動作方面的因素 而產生害怕的情況。姿勢不安全感的產生原因並不是因為前庭刺激輸入的過度反應 而是因為兒童缺乏適當的動作控制能力 因而無法維持自己在各項活動中的姿勢 會經常跌倒。所以 有姿勢不安全感的兒童 他們的動作表現經常是緩慢的 而且對 作出動作 這項要求 經常感到非常的害怕。兒童們的害怕、恐懼 便是根據他們動作遭受限制的真實情況反應。而這一個專有名詞 姿勢不安全感 便是指有這些情況的兒童們。
通常 我們不容易分辨兒童的焦慮是否是因為 感覺系統的過度反應或是動作控制的受限 因為這兩者的情況都可以造成焦慮的產生 而且這兩者的情況經常也同時發生在同一位兒童的身上。然而 有時候 這兩種情況的分辨又可相當的清楚。例如 有輕微痙巒的下肢型腦性麻痺兒童 通常會有姿勢不安全感 而非重力不安全感。他們會在攀爬活動時顯得很焦慮 但是當他們受到前庭刺激時 他們可能會顯出很喜愛前庭刺激的表情。像是頭在安全的保護情況下 往側邊或是各個方向傾斜 並且他們不須依靠自己的動作技巧 就可以維持在一個安全的姿勢。
5.何謂觸覺防禦現象?
觸覺防禦是對於碰觸的感覺有過度反應的傾向,若有觸覺防禦的現象時,則容易見到該孩童較一般人更易生氣、易怒,或是感到不舒服,讓一般人覺得其反應過度,尤其以輕觸(light touch)最容易令其感到不適。所以一般日常生活中,如穿衣、洗澡、刷身體、洗臉刷牙等活動,都容易引起觸覺防禦的現象。
由感覺統合觀點來看,有觸覺防禦現象乃是基於中樞神經系統的調節有問題,個體經由各種感覺傳輸進入大腦,進行各種感覺的註冊(sensory registration),將各種感覺傳入後,加以調節整合,使大腦能進行更高階層的功能運作。但對於觸覺防禦的孩童,其觸覺註冊過程中有問題,對於環境中的觸覺刺激,感受過於敏感。
由於神經系統對於觸覺的感受過度反應(hyperresponsivity),所以孩童對於一般正常人所感到的輕觸,會因神經過度反應而對該感覺感到不舒服,也因此,對於觸覺刺激,該孩童會有防禦,負向情緒出現,如生氣、發怒,由於不喜歡受到觸覺刺激,該孩童對於他人的碰觸也感到不適,因而可能不喜歡和他人一起遊玩,與他人疏離,甚至在人際關係上出現問題。
6.感覺統合建議訓練活動
一、 觸覺活動
1. 用大球或厚棉被在趴姿下滾壓其身體四肢,或坐在搖椅上可使安靜下來。
2. 在鋪地毯或毛毯的斜坡上側翻滾。
3. 手伸入觸覺箱內找尋玩具(觸覺箱內裝各式豆子、米粒、通心粉、玉米粒、種子等)。
4. 玩黏土遊戲,例如將黏土做成各種動物形狀。
5. 玩手指畫(可以顏料、醬糊、砂等當材料)。
二、 前庭本體覺活動
1. 溜滑梯(坐著溜下或趴著俯衝下來)。
2. 慢速規律性盪鞦韆。
3. 讓小孩坐在大球上,雙手扶住其腰部,幫他做上下彈的動作,或趴在大球上做上下彈。
4. 讓小孩趴在大球上,大人雙手抓住小孩的腿做來回向下俯衝動作。
5. 讓小孩趴在大球上,大人雙手扶住小孩的大腿或腰部,令小孩彎俯撿起地板的球或沙包,再抬起身將球或沙包投到籃子裡。
6. 趴在大球上做活動,如繪圖或拼圖。
三、 促進兩側統合活動
1. 袋鼠跳或小白兔跳。
2. 船行前進,即長坐在地板上,以手或腳前後移動。
四、 促進動作計畫能力
1. 大人手腳做出不同姿勢,讓小孩模仿。
2. 大人臉部做不同表情,或口部做出不同表情,令小孩模仿。
3. 大人以積木疊成不同模型,令小孩模仿。
4. 大人做出兩個(可依小朋友能力增加)步驟的動作,令小孩模仿。
http://web1.fyh.doh.gov.tw/depweb/Rehabilitation/unblock/teach/SI/SI.htm
Sensory processing (sometimes called "sensory integration" or SI) is a term that refers to the way the nervous system receives messages from the senses and turns them into appropriate motor and behavioral responses. Whether you are biting into a hamburger, riding a bicycle, or reading a book, your successful completion of the activity requires processing sensation or "sensory integration." Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD, formerly known as "sensory integration dysfunction") is a condition that exists when sensory signals don't get organized into appropriate responses. Pioneering occupational therapist and neuroscientist A. Jean Ayres, PhD, likened SPD to a neurological "traffic jam" that prevents certain parts of the brain from receiving the information needed to interpret sensory information correctly. A person with SPD finds it difficult to process and act upon information received through the senses, which creates challenges in performing countless everyday tasks. Motor clumsiness, behavioral problems, anxiety, depression, school failure, and other impacts may result if the disorder is not treated effectively. One study (Ahn, Miller, Milberger, McIntosh, 2004) shows that at least 1 in 20 children’s daily lives is affected by SPD. Another research study by the Sensory Processing Disorder Scientific Work Group (Ben-Sasson, Carter, Briggs-Gowen, 2009) suggests that 1 in every 6 children experiences sensory symptoms that may be significant enough to affect aspects of everyday life functions. Symptoms of Sensory Processing Disorder, like those of most disorders, occur within a broad spectrum of severity. While most of us have occasional difficulties processing sensory information, for children and adults with SPD, these difficulties arechronic, and they disrupt everyday life. What Sensory Processing Disorder looks likeSensory Processing Disorder can affect people in only one sense–for example, just touch or just sight or just movement–or in multiple senses. One person with SPD may over-respond to sensation and find clothing, physical contact, light, sound, food, or other sensory input to be unbearable. Another might under-respond and show little or no reaction to stimulation, even pain or extreme hot and cold. In children whose sensory processing of messages from the muscles and joints is impaired, posture and motor skills can be affected. These are the "floppy babies" who worry new parents and the kids who get called "klutz" and "spaz" on the playground. Still other children exhibit an appetite for sensation that is in perpetual overdrive. These kids often are misdiagnosed - and inappropriately medicated - for ADHD. Sensory Processing Disorder is most commonly diagnosed in children, but people who reach adulthood without treatment also experience symptoms and continue to be affected by their inability to accurately and appropriately interpret sensory messages. These "sensational adults" may have difficulty performing routines and activities involved in work, close relationships, and recreation. Because adults with SPD have struggled for most of their lives, they may also experience depression, underachievement, social isolation, and/or other secondary effects. Sadly, misdiagnosis is common because many health care professionals are not trained to recognize sensory issues. The Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation is dedicated to researching these issues, educating the public and professionals about their symptoms and treatment, and advocating for those who live with Sensory Processing Disorder and sensory challenges associated with other conditions. The causes of Sensory Processing Disorder
What causes Sensory Processing Disorder is a pressing question for every parent of a child with SPD. Many worry that they are somehow to blame for their child's sensory issues. "Is it something I did?" parents want to know. The causes of SPD are among the subjects that researchers at Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation and their collaborators elsewhere have been studying. Preliminary research suggests that SPD is often inherited. If so, the causes of SPD are coded into the child's genetic material. Prenatal and birth complications have also been implicated, and environmental factors may be involved. Of course, as with any developmental and/or behavioral disorder, the causes of SPD are likely to be the result of factors that are both genetic and environmental. Only with more research will it be possible to identify the role of each. A summary of research into causation and prevalence is contained in Sensational Kids: Hope and Help for Children With Sensory Processing Disorder (New York: Perigee, 2006). Emotional and other impacts of Sensory Processing DisorderChildren with Sensory Processing Disorder often have problems with motor skills and other abilities needed for school success and childhood accomplishments. As a result, they often become socially isolated and suffer from low self-esteem and other social/emotional issues. These difficulties put children with SPD at high risk for many emotional, social, and educational problems, including the inability to make friends or be a part of a group, poor self-concept, academic failure, and being labeled clumsy, uncooperative, belligerent, disruptive, or "out of control." Anxiety, depression, aggression, or other behavior problems can follow. Parents may be blamed for their children's behavior by people who are unaware of the child's "hidden handicap." Effective treatment for Sensory Processing Disorder is available, but far too many children with sensory symptoms are misdiagnosed and not properly treated. Untreated SPD that persists into adulthood can affect an individual's ability to succeed in marriage, work, and social environments. How Sensory Processing Disorder is treatedMost children with Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) are just as intelligent as their peers. Many are intellectually gifted. Their brains are simply wired differently. They need to be taught in ways that are adapted to how they process information, and they need leisure activities that suit their own sensory processing needs. Once children with Sensory Processing Disorder have been accurately diagnosed, they benefit from a treatment program of occupational therapy (OT) with a sensory integration (SI) approach. When appropriate and applied by a well-trained clinician, listening therapy (such as Integrated Listening Systems) or other complementary therapies may be combined effectively with OT-SI. Occupational therapy with a sensory integration approach typically takes place in a sensory-rich environment sometimes called the "OT gym." During OT sessions, the therapist guides the child through fun activities that are subtly structured so the child is constantly challenged but always successful. The goal of Occupational Therapy is to foster appropriate responses to sensation in an active, meaningful, and fun way so the child is able to behave in a more functional manner. Over time, the appropriate responses generalize to the environment beyond the clinic including home, school, and the larger community. Effective occupational therapy thus enables children with SPD to take part in the normal activities of childhood, such as playing with friends, enjoying school, eating, dressing, and sleeping. Ideally, occupational therapy for SPD is family-centered. Parents are involved and work with the therapist to learn more about their child's sensory challenges and methods for engaging in therapeutic activities (sometimes called a "sensory diet)" at home and elsewhere. The child's therapist may provide ideas to teachers and others outside the family who interact regularly with the child. Families have the opportunity to communicate their own priorities for treatment. Treatment for Sensory Processing Disorder helps parents and others who live and work with sensational children to understand that Sensory Processing Disorder is real, even though it is "hidden." With this assurance, they become better advocates for their child at school and within the community. For detailed information about treatment for Sensory Processing Disorder, click here. | ||




